This landmark Supreme Court judgment reinforces constitutional principles against illegal tax collection. It authoritatively settles that writ petitions under Article 226 are maintainable for refund of taxes/cess collected without legal authority, particularly when paid under protest and without undue enrichment. The Court meticulously distinguishes precedent, emphasizing that refund is not automatic but depends on factual equities, and that declarations of invalidity under Article 141 bind all similarly situated parties, not just litigants. This decision provides crucial guidance for industries challenging ultra vires levies and seeking restitution.

In a landmark ruling on business expenditure disallowance, the Supreme Court decisively upheld the validity and broad application of Section 40A(3) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The Court rejected constitutional challenges, affirming the provision as a legitimate tool to combat black money by mandating traceable payments for business expenses. Crucially, it expansively interpreted ‘expenditure’ to encompass payments for stock-in-trade, thereby requiring compliance with the crossed cheque/bank draft mandate for substantial purchase payments. This judgment reinforces the Revenue’s authority to disallow cash payments exceeding prescribed limits while acknowledging safeguards for genuine business hardship under Rule 6DD.

In this landmark constitutional challenge, the Supreme Court validated differential agricultural income tax rates for domestic versus foreign companies under Kerala’s 1970 amendment. The petitioners, UK-based tea plantation companies, contested the 75% flat rate imposed on foreign companies versus graduated rates (up to 65%) for domestic companies as discriminatory under Article 14. The Court’s ratio establishes that in taxation, legislatures enjoy wider classification latitude to address economic realities. Key differentia identified include: domestic companies’ earnings remain within India for agricultural development per constitutional directive principles, while foreign companies may repatriate profits, creating rational nexus to state objectives of revenue generation and domestic industry protection. The judgment reinforces judicial deference to fiscal policy wisdom while maintaining constitutional safeguards against arbitrariness.

In a landmark ruling on industrial incentives, the Supreme Court has clarified the scope of ‘manufacture’ and ‘production’ under the Income Tax Act. The Court held that converting jumbo photographic film rolls into smaller commercial sizes constitutes manufacture, thereby entitling assessees to investment allowances and tax holidays under sections 32AB, 80HH and 80-I. This decision reinforces the principle that any transformation creating a commercially distinct product qualifies as manufacture, regardless of the complexity of processes involved. The judgment provides crucial guidance for industries engaged in conversion and processing activities seeking fiscal benefits.

In this landmark Supreme Court judgment, the Court established a crucial distinction between capital and revenue receipts in taxation law. The case involved a tea estate owner who received compensation from military authorities for requisition of factory buildings during WWII, which completely halted business operations. The Court held that when a business ceases entirely (not merely interrupted), compensation paid represents capital receipt, not taxable income. The decision emphasizes that the ‘quality’ of payment determines its character, not the calculation method. This principle has significant implications for businesses affected by government requisition or similar events that fundamentally disrupt operations. The judgment provides clear guidance for distinguishing between temporary business interruptions (where compensation may be taxable) and complete business cessation (where compensation is capital in nature).

In a landmark ruling on block assessment procedures, the Supreme Court has clarified that material discovered during simultaneous survey operations at connected third-party premises can validly be used to compute undisclosed income under Chapter XIV-B of the Income Tax Act. The Court overturned the High Court’s decision and restored the Assessing Officer’s block assessment that included Rs 95.16 lakhs cash payment discovered during survey at the builder’s premises. This judgment establishes that ‘such other materials or information as are available with the Assessing Officer and relatable to such evidence’ under Section 158BB includes evidence gathered through simultaneous surveys under Section 133A when connected to the search subject.

In this landmark judgment, the Supreme Court reinforced the doctrine of exhaustion of alternative remedies in tax matters. The Court overturned the High Court’s decision to quash reassessment proceedings under Section 148 of the Income Tax Act, holding that the assessee should have first pursued the statutory appeal before the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) rather than directly invoking writ jurisdiction. The ruling underscores that writ petitions under Article 226 should be exceptional, not routine, in tax disputes where the statute provides a specialized appellate mechanism. The Court allowed the Revenue’s appeal but granted the assessee liberty to file a statutory appeal within four weeks, with condonation of limitation.