In CENTRAL TRADING AGENCY vs. CIT, the Allahabad High Court allowed a deduction under Section 10(2)(xv) for payments termed ‘liquidated damages’ made to the Government. The Court ruled these were not penalties for breach but payments made on commercial grounds to modify and sustain a contract, thus constituting allowable business expenditure. This judgment clarifies the deductibility of payments made to preserve business continuity and contractual relationships, emphasizing the ‘commercial expediency’ test over formal labels like ‘damages’ or ‘penalty’.

In this landmark transfer pricing ruling, the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) Delhi Bench overturned the TPO’s adjustments by meticulously analyzing the comparability of selected companies. The Tribunal held that TCS E-Serve Ltd. and Accentia Technology Pvt. Ltd. were incomparable for ITeS benchmarking due to functional disparities, scale, intangibles, and extraordinary events. Similarly, E-Info Chip Bangalore Ltd. was excluded for IT segment benchmarking due to lack of segmental accounts. This decision reinforces the principle that transfer pricing adjustments must be based on accurate functional comparability, safeguarding captive service providers from arbitrary adjustments. The ruling provides clarity on excluding companies with brand influence, mergers, or mixed segments, setting a precedent for future disputes.

In a landmark Full Bench ruling, the Kerala High Court clarified the scope of disallowance under section 37(3A) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The Court held that car repair expenses are governed by section 31 (repairs and insurance of plant) and not by section 37(3A), which applies only to ‘running and maintenance’ costs. This decision resolves a judicial conflict by affirming that the non-obstante clause in section 37(3A) does not override specific deductions under sections 30-36, ensuring that statutory distinctions between repair and maintenance expenditures are preserved for tax purposes.

In a significant ruling for cross-border digital services, the Mumbai ITAT held that payments by Indian entities to a Singapore-based group company for infrastructure data center hosting, referral services, and member login access are not taxable as royalty in India. The Tribunal emphasized that these are standard service fees without any transfer of copyright, technical knowledge, or exclusive use rights, falling outside the scope of royalty under the Income Tax Act and India-Singapore DTAA. This decision reinforces the principle that mere provision of IT infrastructure or referral support, without enabling the recipient to independently apply technology, does not constitute royalty, providing clarity for multinationals on the tax treatment of such intra-group service arrangements.

In this landmark judgment, the Calcutta High Court definitively ruled that a tenant’s right of tenancy qualifies as a ‘capital asset’ under the Income Tax Act 1961. The assessee, A. Gasper, received Rs. 4,50,000 from M/s Associated Battery Makers (Eastern) Ltd. for transferring his tenancy rights and leasehold interest, with the landlords’ consent. The Court rejected arguments that such rights were non-transferable under the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act 1956, holding that with landlord consent, transfer is permissible. The extinguishment of tenancy rights through this transaction constituted a ‘transfer’ under section 2(47), and the consideration received was taxable as capital gains under section 45(1), regardless of being paid by the transferee rather than the landlord. This decision reinforces the broad interpretation of ‘capital asset’ and ‘transfer’ under tax law, impacting real estate and tenancy transactions.

In this landmark Calcutta High Court judgment, the Revenue’s application to condone one-day delay in filing a reference was dismissed. The Court held that the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal lacks inherent power to condone delay under the 1922 Act, as Section 5 of the Limitation Act 1963 applies only to ‘Courts,’ not quasi-judicial tribunals. The ruling underscores the strict statutory limitation regime for tax references, emphasizing that condonation requires express legislative authorization. While the underlying substantive issue involved allowability of royalty as revenue expenditure (which the Tribunal had allowed), this proceeding focused solely on the limitation technicality, highlighting the critical importance of procedural compliance in tax litigation.

In this landmark transfer pricing case, Avineon India P. Ltd. successfully challenged key aspects of the TPO’s and DRP’s adjustments for AY 2007-08. The Hyderabad ITAT ruled that segmental profit data must be considered for benchmarking, even if not audited under company law, as different business units have distinct economic substances. Crucially, the Tribunal held that ALP adjustments under Section 92CA must be confined to transactions with Associated Enterprises only, preventing the taxation of non-AE turnover. The decision also mandates the exclusion of comparables with extraordinary events (e.g., mergers) or supernormal profits, reinforcing the principle of functional comparability in transfer pricing. This judgment provides significant relief to multinational enterprises with diversified operations and sets a precedent for nuanced, transaction-specific benchmarking in India’s transfer pricing regime.

In this landmark prosecution appeal, the Madras High Court reversed acquittal, convicting an assessee for tax evasion offences. The Court established crucial principles: fabrication of false account books with intent to evade tax constitutes completed offences under section 193 IPC and section 276C IT Act regardless of actual use in proceedings. The judgment emphatically rejects the defense that subsequent filing of returns after seizure negates criminal intent, holding such returns are compelled, not voluntary. This precedent strengthens Revenue’s prosecution strategy by clarifying that concealment through fabricated documents and delayed filing demonstrates attempt to evade tax, with the Court providing robust interpretation of ‘attempt’ and ‘fabrication’ elements in tax evasion cases.